Aggressive Behavior And Video Games - 860 Words

Aggressive Behavior and Video Games â€Å"Video games are not inherently good or bad, just as any other tool is not inherently good or bad† (Gentile, D., n.d.), but continuous exposure to video games may generate behavioral changes among individuals. It is being demonstrated by research that violent television and media have a cause and effect on children and youth that watch them. Because video games use the same repetitiveness mechanism as television and media it is expected by social science professionals that video games cause an even greater impact. Many factors have been cases of study for researchers to support the thesis of behavioral changes as a consequence of exposure to violent video games and media. Among these factors the following can be found: repetition increase learning of aggressive behavior, violence exposure causes a desensitizing effect and depression as a risky factor in children and youth who play violent video games for a significant amount of time. The first approach for a child to learn is through the role- playing games where imitation and repetition are the main mechanisms to install what is being learned into the cognitive system of a child. Video games include a great deal of repetition where the child will imitate the actions of the character that he or she is identified with. As a consequence, if the video game is a violent one, a rehearsal of the actions will be performed by the child. As exposed by Anderson and Bushman (September, 2001): TheShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Aggressive Behavior1931 Words   |  8 Pagesto his room to get back to his game. Have you ever wondered how violent video games impact children? Or why kids love to play them? The link between violent video games and aggressive behavior is a topic that has received a lot of attention in the recent years. As technology is gradually progressing, video games are starting to become very lifelike and they consist of many complex qualities. However, with the high levels of realism, the influences of video games on society have begun to increaseRead MoreViolent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior3372 Words   |  14 PagesViolent Video Games And Aggressive Behavior Jamal St.Germain Introduction Since we live in a technology age, technology is being formed into entertainment for people of all ages such as video games and television. Although, these forms of entertainment are a good way to stay informed, they can also be corrupting different ages Behavior differentiation has been an all-time high for children all over the U.S, and many researchers have found the reasoningRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior3708 Words   |  15 PagesThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences study that was conducted by Bruce D. Bartholow, of University of Missouri – Columbia, and Craig A. Anderson, of Iowa State University, examined how playing a violent video game affected levels of aggression displayed in a laboratory setting. Recently, violent behavior in children and teenagers has gained more and more attention as video games have become more popular. The study mentions that, in contrast to EasternRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1383 Words   |  6 Pages Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? Samantha Remesz Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper explores violent video games and their affects on people’s behavior and emotions. An experimental study was done by Smith, Lachlan, and Tamborini and is investigated further. The researchers wanted to examine people’s behavior after playing violent video games as well as nonviolent video games and compare the differences of the two. The study observes boys and girlsRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1128 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Cummings Essay Lesson II Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? How and why does mass media influence aggressive behavior? More specifically, does playing video games cause aggressive behavior? Because children and teenagers spend an increased amount of time each day viewing/playing video games, they are shaping their values, attitudes, and behaviors. For people who do act out aggressively, the results can be deadly. Monthly, the news is filled with blood-chillingRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior Essay2109 Words   |  9 Pagesnew forms of entertainment, one of the most popular being video games. Since their introduction, professionals and parents have become concerned with the addictive power that video games can have on people, particularly children and adolescents. Today, concern has shifted from the addictive effects of video game playing to the possible effects that they have on players’ aggression levels. As defining aggression as any thoughts or behaviors related with the intention to cause harm. Many scholars haveRead More Does Playing Violent Video Games Promote Aggressive Behavior?2480 Words   |  10 PagesViolent video games are becoming more popular among children and adolescents of all ages since its debut approximately 30 years ago. This growing popularity is generating an increasing concern that these sometimes very graphic videos and life like characters can have a negative influence on the younger generation. Although never proven, there has been speculation that some of the high school shootings across the country were committed by students who were habitual players of violent video games. DueRead MoreSynthesis Essay Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1697 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Video Games Made Me Do It School shootings years ago in Paducah, Kentucky; Jonesboro, Arkansas; and Littleton Colorado, have raised the question time and time again. Do violent video games have an influence on children and their aggressive behavior? In all three of these brutal shootings, all the shooters were students who habitually played violent video games. The Columbine High School students who murdered thirteen and wounded twenty-three in Littleton before committing suicide after theRead MoreGender Roles Of Video Games : Implications For Gender Socialization And Aggressive Behavior1576 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles, 38(5/6), 425-442). This study researches the potential effects on children by the use of gender representations and violence within popular video games. Outlined by the study of symbolic interactionism, the research questions the line between the representation of males and females, as well as how prominent violent topics are in games. These themes combined are used in orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Gender Socialization And Aggressive Behavior By Tracy L. Dietz1534 Words   |  7 PagesOver time video games have drastically changed its contents and through the use of media it has become very popular among the people of all ages. The article, â€Å"An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior† by Tracy L. Dietz portrays the impact of video-games in gender roles in our society. Through the usage of samples in the experiment shows that the video games tend to have more male characters rather than fe male

Oresteia Free Essays

The fate of Orestes lies with the powerful goddess Athena. Athena, the goddess of wisdom, law, and Justice, is the Judge for the trial of Orestes. Orestes is being tried for the murder of his mother, Clytemnestra. We will write a custom essay sample on Oresteia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Orestes never states that he did not kill his mother, but instead he claims it was Justifiable homicide. Clytemnestra killed Orestes’ father Agamemnon, so Orestes got revenge on her. Apollo, the son of Zeus, sides with Orestes and acts as a spokesperson and attorney for him. The Furies, ancient goddesses who are brutal creatures of revenge, represent the ghost of Clytemnestra in the play. Apollo and the Furies clash many times throughout the trial, and it makes for an exciting showdown. At the conclusion of the trial, the case is so close that not even Athena feels fit to decide Orestes’ destiny. She calls upon a group of men to decide the case, and this sets the foundation of a Jury that will Judge all future murder cases. Athena casts her vote in favor of Orestes, and that will be the deciding vote if the Jurors are tied. There’s a moment of suspense as the ballots are tallied, then Athena announces that the ballots are tied: Orestes is set free. The actors that led to this verdict in favor of Orestes are: males are superior to females; Zeus approved the murder of Clytemnestra; Clytemnestra broke the sacred marriage bond by murdering her husband; and the acquittal will lead to a pact between Athens and the Furies. Athena’s decision to free Orestes not only changes Orestes’ life, but the life of Athens for years to come. One of the dynamics that led to the Judgment in favor of Orestes is the superiority of paternity over maternity. Orestes’ defense is that the murder of a woman is less significant than the murder of a man, so the killing of Clytemnestra should be seen in ight of the slaying of Agamemnon. Apollo states that a person can have a father and no mother, and points to Athena as a perfect example of this. Athena was born from Zeus’ skull instead of the womb of her mother. Apollo then argues that the father, the one who plants the seed, is the only true parent. Therefore, Orestes’ slaying of Clytemnestra was warranted. Another reason Orestes’ murder was Justified is because Clytemnestra killed her husband and broke the sanctified marriage bond. The Furies respond by saying Orestes’ murder of his mother was worse, because he killed his own blood. Here, we ee a clash of the old and new deities: The ancient goddesses known as the Furies versus the leaders of the new school, Zeus and Apollo. The Furies stress the sacredness of family blood while Apollo stresses the sacredness of marriage. The primitive, older goddesses are defending the blood relation, as it’s the fundamental link between child and parent that’s handed down from generation to generation. The marriage bond is much newer than the blood bond, as marriage is a product of civilization and structure in society. â€Å"Marriage of a man and wife is fate itself, stronger than oaths, and Justice guards its life. (L. 21 5) Apollos claiming that nothing is stronger than fate, and marriage is brought about by fate. Also, by saying that â€Å"Justice guards its life,† Apollos claiming that if someone breaks a marriage, they should have to face Justice. Because Clytemnestra broke her marriage ties by killing her husband, she should pay the price with death. Another tactor tavoring Orestes is Zeus authorized and permi ed tt the assassination of Clytemnestra. Zeus, king of the gods and embodiment of Justice, couldn’t possibly have ordered something unjust. However, the Furies once again fire back, and they xpress that Zeus himself put his own father in shackles. This statement appalls Apollo, as he argues there’s an enormous difference between shackling a man and murdering him. Zeus’ power and dominance cannot be compared to that of any other man or god. If Zeus sanctioned the murder of Clytemnestra, then it must be validated. The last element that led to the outcome in support of Orestes is the acquittal would result in a treaty between Athens and Argos. The result of the trial is much to the benefit of Athena and her great city. At first, the Furies are outraged by the verdict and they promise to bring destruction to the land. After multiple attempts, Athena’s finally able to reason with the Furies. She explains to them that they will be beneficiaries of Athens if they choose to come. Instead of continuing on a path of hatred and destruction, Athena offers them peace and a comfortable home. â€Å"l will embrace one home with you, Athena, never fail the city, you, and Zeus almighty’ (L. 927-930). Finally, they take her up on the offer, and the Furies promise to defend Athens for it’s best interests. The tone of the Furies changes from anger and hate to mercy and love. The Furies Job is to preside over Athens, and act as the citys guardians. Peace and harmony will finally reign over the mighty city of Athens. The ending to the play came as a major surprise, as Orestes was set free and the Furies made peace with the city of Athens. The trial of Orestes was a huge turning point in Greek society. Athena’s decision to pick a Jury to decide the fate of Orestes set a precedent that is still in place today for all murder trials. All of the events that rocked the House of Atreus led to a unique connection between the Furies and Athena’s wonderful city, the city of Athens. In the end, rather than destroying each other, the new deities integrated with the old to form an unbreakable bond. How to cite Oresteia, Papers

Non Conformity in The Wave by Morton Rhue Essay Example For Students

Non Conformity in The Wave by Morton Rhue Essay To my knowledge, there were really only two individuals in history, and these are Jesus ND Aristotle. But they were seen as insane fools in their times. So why do we want to be individuals anyway;ay? However, many people nowadays conform without realizing it. An example of this is shown in the novel, The Wave and the movie, The Dead Poets Society through various techniques. The Wave is a story of a schoolgirl experiencing her classmates change from normal teenagers into chanting, saluting fanatics, when a classroom experiment goes horribly wrong. Laurie is opposed to The Wave and goes against the crowd where she does not Join in with the craze. She is standing up for her own beliefs in what she thinks is right, in comparison to the majority of the other students who do what others do, simply for acceptance. Despite this fact, she is still conforming to the so called non conformists who are against The Wave; therefore she is still conforming. On the other hand, Dead Poets Society explores the conflict between freedom and conformity as these contrasting ideals are presented to the students. It is about an inspirational, unconventional English teacher, Mr. Keating and his students at the est. prep school in America and how he challenges them to question conventional views by such techniques as standing on their desks. Keating wants them to become free-thinkers, but he is in a way contradicting himself as he forces his own beliefs and philosophy onto the easily influenced students rather than letting them think for themselves. The theme of conformity is introduced in the very opening scenes of the film. Close-ups of the boys chanting in unison, all identically dressed in their uniforms at a ceremony at Walton Academy, we see that they are conforming to the authority of the school. It shows the consequences of conformity when it is pushed to the limit and it also proves that conforming is not necessarily always for the best. Though, conformity is also a huge factor in real life situations and not only in novels and films. For example, I find it amusing when I see, a girl walking down the street with a plaid skirt over pinstripe stockings with a long silver chain hanging down, and a tight denim vest with patches and pins on every square centimeter. It Just screams, l am an individual and I dont care what you think! This is where the mental complex is illogical, and hence ridiculous. First of all, you DO care what I think, or else you wouldnt bother to dress that way in the first place. It takes time, effort, and intention to dress like that, and you WANT to look that way. Secondly, is dressing differently than the normal kids really individuality? No. You may say youre not conforming. But the only thing youre not conforming to is dressing like a select group of other conforming kids. There are tons of other peep who dress the way you do, and youre Just another one of them, conforming to a efferent, separate conformity. So no, youre not original. Not in the least. People can deny trying to be like some else, but it is useless. No one is a full individual. Even after graduating high school and college, and when you grow out of those stages where you want to dress and different than the social norm, you may get a Job. You have to have certain qualifications, certain skills to work at wherever you desire. Now, I do not think that an employer would like to see his employee work at his or job the way he or she feels like working it, or doing things his or her own way. Therefore, you are once again obliged to conform to the wants and needs of the system. And the cycle continues. .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .postImageUrl , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:hover , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:visited , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:active { border:0!important; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:active , .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5788c53052d7ff4f57d9e9eabaab29c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Semester Poetry EssayFor instance, the pop-rock band Good Charlotte has a bitter lyric that goes, l dont want be you, I dont want be Just like you. Now, if they think that singing a son about being an individual and wearing black eye makeup and painting their nails black is original, then good for them. But theyre not! They have a snowflakes chain in hell of being original. Its simply, hypocrisy. Perhaps they could sing about not wanting to dress like other people. By all means, be my guest. But do not proclaim the world that you are an individual, because youre all damn conformists! So unless you are the Son of God, or an ancient Greek philosopher, I suggest you be quiet an concentrate on being the best conformist you can possibly be. Since individualism isnt by any means about what you wear, it is hence how you think. And in that case, still no one is an individual. We are always encouraged to think for ourselves, but how is that humanely possible, when from birth we have been forced into education and required to learn and memorize things by watching there, and listening to others, who were also manipulated into doing things we did The only individual aspect about humans is that we have our own physical bodies. However, we really dont even own our bodies. According to many, they belong to God, because He created us. Thus, we really have no individuality in or about us whatsoever. So, fellow conformers, you can try to hide the fact you are conforming and you can try to show that you truly are your own person, but, you will never escape the prevailing fact that you are Just not an individual. Basically; stop trying e someone your not, and start being who you really are: like everyone else. Dressing like a select group of other conforming kids. There are tons of other people So no, youre not original. Not in the least. People can deny trying to be like someone else, but it is useless. No one is a full individual. Even after graduating high school, and college, and when you grow out of those stages where you want to dress and be Now, I do not think that an employer would like to see his employee work at his or her want be you, I dont want be Just like you. Now, if they think that singing a song lack is original, then good for them. But theyre not!

Perception and/or Reception of the Naked Child and Teenage Body in Art and the Media free essay sample

Introduction and Research Question: The topic, which, we will research, is the perception and/or reception of the naked child and teenage body in art and the media. The hypothesis that we have concluded is that ‘children and teenagers posing nude for art or in the media is seen as the cause for over-sexualization in children and teenagers’. The naked body has been a topic of art and seen in the media as an ongoing issue. cv writing service galway Child and teenage nudity has been featured in art from the 14th and 15th century, as well as in renaissance art, controversially through Bill Henson’s photography and in modern fashion shoots featuring teenage celebrities such as Miley Cyrus. This research proposal will aim to find the viewpoint of University students when shown images of teenage nudity in art and the media. This issue is an important research topic as opinions have varied in society about the impact and appropriateness of teenagers featuring in these public platforms and whether this is a cause of over-sexualisation. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception and/or Reception of the Naked Child and Teenage Body in Art and the Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The effect of this issue will rely on the individual opinions in society of the definition of art. The main people being affected by this issue are the teenage population who have access to any media forms and art. The artists, such as Bill Henson are also affected as they are accused of producing inappropriate art even though they are trying to portray youth. This topic interests a large percentage of the population including teenagers, parents, media viewers and media producers. To carry out this research a focus group will be held involving undergraduate Mass Communications and Media students from Murdoch University. The opinions, beliefs and attitudes will be gathered concerning the chosen topic to then be able to compile a research report based on the findings of the focus group. Literature Review: Child and adolescent nudity has taken commonplace in art throughout history, from Renaissance paintings and sculptures to religious masterpieces. As time has gone on and technology has advanced these depictions of child and teen nudity have changed, and are often frowned upon in today’s society; today photographs, artworks and media of teenagers and children naked are often challenged as being sexualized or pornographic and nudity has become a highly controversial area with regards to children. For centuries naked children have been depicted in religious painting and scenes in the forms of cherubs, which are usually naked, posed winged toddlers. In the 14th and 15th centuries these biblical children were not seen as ‘real’ children but as symbolic religious representations of children, and this distinction was very clear. In these depictions, presenting children nude was usually seen as presenting them in the form that God had made them and was done to highlight their purity. But with the development of realism and photography this line has now become blurred. Due to the realism of photography it has lead people to believe that it is ‘real’, and as a result there is confusion between iconic symbolic children, and the general child. Gittins 1998, 119) During the Italian Renaissance era nude boys were often featured in paintings, especially in those with biblical themes. However, centuries later many artists began to depict paintings of nude children that carried no religious reference or context. For instance, Henry Scott Tuke painted nude adolescent boys doing everyday activities and although these paintings were not overly erotic and showed no genitalia they were a step away from the traditional biblical naked children. Johnson 2005, 102-104) Just a century after Tuke started depicting nude children in everyday activities professional photographers presented photographic exhibitions and books of posed naked children and adolescents. When Bill Henson’s exhibition opened on the 22nd of May 2008 many articles were written expressing the controversy and public opinions of the featured child nudity. An article written by David L. Isaacs and Thomas G. Isaacs titled â€Å"Is child nudity in art ever pornographic† was published in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. This article discusses the important debate on censorship, which followed Bill Henson’s exhibition. This debate between the two authors resulted in the view that censorship laws regarding the depiction of children in art are needed to stop the exploitation of children. Yet a strong belief was evident that censorship is not needed to protect the public from being corrupted by viewing pornographic material. The knowledge and opinions of a pediatrician enables a professional opinion, which reflects the concern for childrens wellbeing. The opinion of a Fine Arts Honours graduate provides the knowledge of what art is and what role it plays within society. The focus group planned will effectively explore University students views on censorship. This literature provides an interesting debate, which our focus group will aim to further with a sample of students to give a broader opinion than what is present in this journal article. The month following Bill Henson’s controversial exhibition, June 2008, an Australian Government Standing Committee on Environment, Communications and the Arts released a report titled Sexualisation of Children in the Contemporary Media. This Government document stated that the inappropriate sexualisation of children in Australia is an increasing concern. It acknowledged the complexity of defining clear boundaries and accepted that it is a significant cultural challenge. The research planned by our team will respond to the lack of research, which was acknowledge in the Government report, on the effect of child sexualisation in the Media by providing a current viewpoint of University students. University students will be able to express the viewpoints, which for ethical reasons cannot be acquired from minors. Since 2008 many photos of Miley Cyrus some intended and some not have surfaced on the Internet. Numerous articles of the Disney star who plays â€Å"Hanna Montanna† have appeared. In the June issue of Vanity Fair 2008 a photo of Miley topless, clutching a silk bed sheet to her chest, with only her bare back exposed featured. Factors of these photos lead to controversy, even though it was an artistic piece and she was predominately covered. The article titled â€Å"Miley Cyrus’ embarrassing photo shoot† written by Courtney Hazlett discusses how It didn’t take long for Miley Cyrus fans (and their parents) to become outraged over racy photos of the 15-year-old that appear in the June issue of Vanity Fair. â€Å" Miley has commented in the article produced by the MSN Entertainment that I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be artistic and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about. There has been an increase with teenagers taking part in these â€Å"artistic† photo shoots but is it really art? Many reviewers argue that this is not, and that the teenagers are being taken advantage of by their parents making these decisions for them. Also stating that later on in life these photos could have a bad effect them. Psychologists are saying that it may bring on the over sexualisation of teenagers, by not giving them the opportunity to go through their teenage years naturally and mature with age not acting older than they are with sexual expectations that they are not ready for. (American Psychological Association). With the availability of the internet other personal photos of Miley were released where she is showing her green bra and also her stomach is out as she is wearing a midriff laying on a boy does this have a link to the Vanity Fair shoot and is it a result of the medias pressure taking a toll on her personal life as her parents where not happy with the nude shot. In Disney’s release of its own statement about the Vanity Fair story, the Disney Channel, which broadcasts Cyruss series Hannah Montana, said: Unfortunately, as the article suggests, a situation was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old in order to sell magazines. However in the Vanity Fair issue â€Å"Miley knows best† Miley comments that the pose was Annie Leibovitz’s idea. The topless but demure portrait accompanying this article could be seen as another baby step, toward a more mature profile. â€Å"I think it’s really artsy,† Cyrus says. â€Å"It wasn’t in a skanky wa y. And you can’t say no to Annie. She’s so cute. She gets this puppy-dog look and you’re like, O. K. † Leibowitz has chimed in, too, saying that it was never her intent to portray Cyrus in any negative light. â€Å"I’m sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted,† Leibovitz said in a statement released by Vanity Fair. The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful. † (â€Å"Miley Cyrus’ embarrassing photo shoot† The Scoop 2008) Research Method: The research method of focus group interviewing has been assigned. This method entails qualitative research. The aim is to find out the opinions and attitudes of the interviewees, who are selected as a purposive sample of the target market. The focus group interviewees are lead with open-ended questions that will be asked through out the discussion. A focus group includes a role of a moderator and a researcher. The moderator conducts the focus group serving as discussion leader to the other members. The moderator is briefed by the researcher and provided with a moderators â€Å"discussion guide. † The role of the researcher involves many preparatory and other activities including, obtaining ethics and clearance of the project, finding suitable group members, they deal with all booking and hiring of the venues and moderator, they tape all audio/ visual recordings, analysis the data and prepare the summary report of findings. This process of interviewing and gathering research is a valuable way of collecting data, because it is a direct way of finding answers to specific questions, which may not be obtainable through other research methods. A structured interview is especially good when discussing controversial sensitive issues, such as the issue we are focusing on in our research question. From our group interview we are hoping to gain information and people’s views of teenage and child representation in art and the media today, and whether they think children are being sexualized or it is the natural and reasonable extension of art. Each person in our group focused on a specific area of our research question. Chelsea looked at the history of naked children and teens in art and the media. Millie focused on nudity and the sexualisation of children and teenagers in art today, using bill Henson as an example. Whilst Deanna looked at the sexualisation of teenagers in today’s media, focusing on the Miley Cyrus vogue photo shoot. Focus Group Draft Questions: Has society’s view on nudity drastically changed in the last century? Do you think one of the major reasons for these different views are the advances in technology eg mass communication, photography) Is society as a whole more sexualized than it was several centuries ago? Do you think Renaissance art was completely asexual as critics say it is, or do you think that perhaps even then there was a sexual element to the depiction of naked children? Is there any context in which you believe it is appropriate today to depict naked children? What do you define as being art? What do you define as being pornographic material? Showing a Bill Henson photograph of a young nude girl) In your personal reaction do you consider this photograph to be artistic or pornographic? And why? Do you believe parental consent should allow 12-13 year old to participate in nude photography? Do you believe that the children in these photographs will be affected by this experience in the future? Why or why not? Do you think that this photo of Miley is provocative or artistic? As Mi ley Cyrus is a child role model/ celebrity do you think it is a good idea for photos like this to be taking or do you think it sets a bad example for the younger children that admire her so much? When this photo shoot was taken Miley was 15 years of age do you think this photo is age appropriate for her? Do you think that the media has placed pressure on Miley to produce a photo like this at her age? When looking at this photo what age do you think Miley looks and what do you feel that the photo is portraying? References: American Psychological Association, Report of the APA Task Force. Sexualization of Girls, 2007 (accessed August 28, 2010) D, Isaacs, T, Isaacs. 2010. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. Is child nudity in art ever pornographic? Blackwell Publishing Inc. www. scopus. com. prospero. murdoch. edu. au (accessed August 28, 2010) Grittins, Diana. 1998. The Child in Question. London: Macmillan Press LTD Johnson, Geraldine A. 2005. Renaissance Art: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press Standing Committee on Environment, Communications and the Arts. Sexualisation of children in the contemporary media, Commonwealth of Australia 2008 published June 2008. (accessed August 28, 2010) Annotated Bibliography: American Psychological Association, Report of the APA Task Force. Sexualization of Girls, 2007 This report was written by a task force which was created in the response to journalists, child advocacy organisations, parents and psychologists who have argued that the sexualisation of girls is a broad issue in society and that it is an increasing problem which harms girls. This report gave an overview of psychological theory to assist in the understanding of the psychological harms of the over sexualisation of young girls and teenagers. It defines sexualisation and gives examples of it appearing in society. D, Isaacs, T, Isaacs. 2010. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. Is child nudity in art ever pornographic? Blackwell Publishing Inc. www. scopus. com. prospero. murdoch. edu. au This article written by David L. Isaacs and Thomas G. Isaacs titled â€Å"Is child nudity in art ever pornographic† was published in the Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. This article discusses the important debate on censorship, which followed Bill Henson’s exhibition. This debate between the two authors resulted in the view that censorship laws regarding the depiction of children in art are needed to stop the exploitation of children. Yet a strong belief was evident that censorship is not needed to protect the public from being corrupted by viewing pornographic material. Grittins, Diana. 1998. The Child in Question. London: Macmillan Press LTD This Book Focuses on children and their place in the past and in today’s society. The book focuses on the innocence of children and how that innocence has changed over time. It also explores the rights that adults hold over children and other theories that society has of children. Johnson, Geraldine A. 2005. Renaissance Art: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press This Book focuses on Renaissance art and the part it played in European art. It does focus on particular areas of Renaissance art such as the techniques used and how stories were told through the art. The book draws on many famous Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Standing Committee on Environment, Communications and the Arts. Sexualisation of children in the contemporary media, Commonwealth of Australia 2008 published June 2008. The Australian Government Standing Committee on Environment, Communications and the Arts developed this report, titled Sexualisation of Children in the Contemporary Media. The report acknowledged the issue of the sexualisation of children in the media and the complexities of defining clear boundaries. This report has enabled us to acquire a Government perspective on the issue. The research carried out in this report outlined professional opinions of psychologists, pediatricians as well as the viewpoint of Australian parents.

The HipHop Rock Phenomenon essays

The HipHop Rock Phenomenon essays It seems as though you can barely read a magazine or flip on the television without hearing about one of these new hip-hop/rock groups. Media outlets such as Rolling Stone and MTV treat these bands as though miraculously created this new genre of music. Acts such as Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock and Sugar Ray are treated though they are creative geniuses when in reality they are only doing things that have already been done before. True some of these new bands are very talented, but bands such Run DMC, the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Rage Against the Machine, blended the seemingly mismatched flavors of rap and rock with brilliant results long before any of these bands had ever even seen a The earliest recorded example of this fusion of hip-hop and hard rock, came in 1985 with the release of Run DMCs Rock Box. The song featured a beat which sounded more like an AC/DC instrumental than what your average hip-hop consumer had grown accustomed to, nevertheless underneath the vocals of Run DMC the song was their first bonafied crossover hit. The single even landed them onto heavy rotation on MTV, making Run DMC the first hip-hop group to ever have their video played with the station. The song was only the first of a long string of hits for the group to feature hard rock beats, of course with pumped up bass and the prerequisite turntable scratch. Their success carried over to their remake of Aerosmiths classic Walk This Way, which too became an instant classic. The record also marked the first direct collaboration between a rap group and a rock band. However while Run DMC was a hip-hop group with heavy rock influence, the Red Hot Chili Peppers are a perfect example of the exact opposite, a rock band with distinct hip-hop overtones. From as early back to the mid-eighties the Chili Peppers were trendsetters, they were regularly sharing headline in Los A ...

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life

Rostrum, As Used in Marine Life The term rostrum is defined as an organism’s beak or a beak-like part. The term is used in reference to cetaceans, crustaceans and some fish.   The plural form of this word is rostra. Cetacean Rostrum In cetaceans, the rostrum is  the upper jaw or â€Å"snout† of the whale. According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the term  rostrum  also refers to the skull bones in the whale that provide support for the rostrum. Those are the forward (anterior) parts of the maxillary, premaxillary and vomerine bones. Essentially, it is made up of the bones we have between the bottom of our nose and our upper jaw, but the bones are much longer in cetaceans, especially baleen whales.   Rostrums look different in toothed whales (odontocetes) versus baleen whales (mysticetes). The toothed whales have a rostrum that is usually dorsally concave, while baleen whales have a rostrum that is ventrally concave.   More simply put, the top part of a toothed whales rostrum is shaped more like a crescent moon, while a baleen whales rostrum is shaped more like an arch. The differences in rostrum structure become pretty evident when viewing images of cetacean skulls, as is shown in the FAO identification guide here. The rostrum in a cetacean is a strong, relatively hard part of the anatomy. Dolphins can even use their rostra to   Crustacean Rostrum In a crustacean, the rostrum is the projection of the animals carapace that extends forward of the eyes. It projects from the cephalothorax, which is present in some crustaceans and is the head and thorax together, covered by a carapace. The rostrum is a hard, beak-like structure.   In a lobster, for example, the rostrum projects between the eyes. It looks like a nose, but it is not (lobster smell with their annentules, but thats another topic). Its function is thought to be simply to protect the lobsters eyes, especially when two lobsters have a conflict. The Lobster Rostrums Contribution to History In the 1630s, European warriors wore a lobster tail helmet that had overlapping plates hanging from the back to protect the neck and a nasal bar in the front, modeled after a lobsters rostrum.   Oddly enough, lobster rostrums have also been used as a cure for kidney stones and urinary diseases.   In shrimp, the rostrum is also known as the head spine, which is a hard projection between the animals eyes.   In barnacles (which are crustaceans but dont have visible eyes like lobsters do, the rostrum is one of the six shell plates that make up the animals exoskeleton. It is the plate located on the anterior end of the barnacle.   Fish Rostrum Some fish have body parts that are referred to as a rostrum. These include billfish such as sailfish (the long bill) and sawfish (the saw). Rostrum, As Used in a Sentence When the minke whale surfaces to breathe, its rostrum usually appears first, followed by the top of its head and its back.I needed to pass a kidney stone, so I roasted a lobsters rostrum and then mashed it up and dissolved it in wine. (Yes, this was purportedly a cure for kidney stones in the Middle Ages and Renaissance).   Sources American Cetacean Society. Cetacean Curriculum.Accessed October 30, 2015.Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Crustacean Glossary. Accessed October 30, 2015.Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.  p.1366.St. Lawrence Global Observatory. American Lobster - Characteristics.  Accessed October 30, 2015.The Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Lobster Biology.  Accessed October 30, 2015.University of Bristol. Crustacea.  Accessed October 30, 2015.

Country eassy 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country eassy 5 - Essay Example Some of the main wood products that the country exports to other parts of the world include plywood, veneer, wooden floors, and lumber core plywood (Liu). Deforestation is not a major issue for the government of Taiwan. The annual rate of forest loss in the country is nearly 3 to 5 percent which is recovered using plantation of more plants and trees. The major causes of deforestation in Taiwan are large-scale industrial development, logging, and increased rate of population growth. The government of Taiwan takes huge interest in preserving its asset of natural forests. The Forestry Bureau under the Council of Agriculture (COA) is laying the role of a guardian for the country’s one of the most valuable natural resources. It is not only working to increase forest productivity and improve forest health but also it is playing its role in making people aware of the need to protect the forestland of the country (Forestry Bureau). Liu, C. Does the country export wood products to other parts of the world. Hla.hlc.edu, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Ethics - Case Study Example Pollution problems in Ohio valley are rooted in the year 1950 with the emerging of the Union Carbide which led to the building of several industries in the mountainous regions around the Ohio valley. Pollution problems started in 1951 (Hartley 1993. p. 31). Soot bad odour and ash were being emitted to the atmosphere causing massive of pollution. The neighboring population around the industrial area experienced the most suffering since most settlement were built on the valley. People were infected with respiratory disease among other dangerous illnesses. The Union carbine frustrated the people plead for the pollution content to be reduced. The National Air Pollution Control Administration tried to intervene in the situation by requesting the area to be inspected but the result of this was an ignorant response from the government. This portrays the level of corruption and unethical business environment in Ohio. Companies only focused on the profits and their business outcomes while neg lected the human environment in which the business directly affects. Business ethics advocate for healthy business environments which involves the relationship between the human and business environment. A healthy business environment is supposed to consider the economic, social and political environment. These are the entities that determine the prosperity of a business be it in the private or public sector. A good business is determined by the level of positive co-relation between these entity factors. Union carbine displays negative business ethics since it does not consider the help of the people living in the surrounding environment. In 1971, environmental reforms were structured which included the implementation of a number of pollution management measures. Union Carbide shut down one boiler and some workers lost their jobs as a result. This was considered as a form of retaliation to due to the new environmental reforms. This is unethical as it shows lack of consideration by t he company. Lockheed Corporation: Overseas Bribery Gone Rampant Corruption is one of the major attributes of unethical business. Corruption takes course in form of bribery of illegal tender allocation. Robert F. Hartley gives an overview of corruption cases and how they affect business ethics. Lockheed Corporation had tried to venture into several businesses but none of them turned out to be successful (Hartley 1993. p. 83). The company invested heavily in a number of businesses which all failed in the process before making any slight positive outcomes. Due to this, the company decided to switch to unethical form of business operation. Lockheed Corporation decided to extend their sales overseas in order to obtain more profits. This forced the company to make payoff in order to obtain contracts. Therefore it engaged in commodity trading with countries like Netherlands, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Iran and Spain. These resulted in the resignation of the company’s chairman. The reason to this was that the company went bankrupt under his leadership. Unethical business practices show a sense of unprofessionalism. The company board forced the manager to resign because he displayed unprofessional leadership skills at the time the company needed to progress and settle of its previous deficits. This also led to the creation of foreign corruption act in 1977. Robert F. Hartley

Marine Pollution Essay Example for Free

Marine Pollution Essay From our early years in school, our science teachers have taught us that two thirds or roughly 70% of the surface of the Earth is covered by water. And yet it is probably the most neglected element in the environment. The oceans are home to a diverse number of wildlife and an important source of food for most of the inhabitants of the earth, including humans. From this fact alone, the importance of the ocean can’t be more emphasized. Besides being a source of food, the ocean also provides us with various medicines through the abundance of life that it produces. Around 500 types of sea species have potentially cancer curing chemicals (WWF fact sheet, n. d). Marine Pollution In layman’s terms, marine pollution is simply the destruction of the quality of water through contamination, but in scientific terms, marine pollution is the â€Å"distortion of marine environment health† (Sinha, 1998). Anything that we dump to a body of water that is not supposed to be there is marine pollution. The question whether the act of dumping is intentional or not is irrelevant because the intention does not reduce the damage done to the body of water. It has been once thought that the ocean is so vast that it would be able to dilute all the wastes that are put in it. Of course we know now that this is not true. We have polluted the oceans so much, and in a lot of different ways, that we are now feeling the effects of our neglect. We have to stop marine pollution now if we, and the generations after us are to enjoy our world’s number one resource. Sources of Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions Oil Pollution – according to the National Research Council, the oceans suffer more than it seems in the news. Occasionally, major oil spills reach our television screens but so much more is dumped into the ocean every year and they are not even because of accidents (NRC, 1985). Major oil spills are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to oil polluting the ocean. Oil spills are just more visual, because they are televised most (or some) of the time, but oil spills from ships or platforms are just some of the reasons on how oil can be dumped into the ocean. The following graph shows that major oil spills is second to the least source of the total oil that reaches the oceans. Source: Ocean Planet. Oil Pollution. The part that shows the most contribution to oil pollution is known as the run-off effect. It is the combination of all the oil that is spilled in land that seeps through the soil and find its way to the ocean. Run-off pollution is very harmful to the environment and our health. Not only does it damage the oceans but it also damages the smaller bodies of water that the oil used to reach the ocean. The oil can disrupt marine life, and ultimately destroy it (MarineBio, n. d. ) Lots of marine animals are killed due to oil spills because they come in direct contact with the oil, hindering their movement, and therefore their chances of survival, not to mention that the oil is toxic. Despite the decreasing popularity of oil, it would be always there as long as humans can extract them from the earth, so we can’t stop collecting them. What we can do, is to pass laws that would make present laws on the oil production business stricter, and therefore safer. But as mentioned, direct oil spills on the ocean are the least of our worries. We must properly dispose the oils that we use in land because it contributes the most in mixing that oil with our waters. Toxic Chemicals – oil is just one of the pollutants that contribute to the destruction of marine environmental health. There are a number of toxic chemicals out there that are spilled in to the ocean. These chemicals don’t just contaminate the water, the creatures of the sea are also contaminated and create a domino effect on all those that belong to its food chain. We should be concerned about these toxic chemicals because we are part of that food chain (assuming that most people eat fish). â€Å"†¦many pollutants accumulate in marine organisms, humans are exposed to pollutants when they consume food from polluted areas. † Some studies have shown that humans that eat a lot of seafood are prone to chemicals such as dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) and a number of heavy metals (Dewailly et al. 1999). Like oil, toxic chemicals also find their way to the ocean due to the run-off effect, although sometimes accidents at sea can cause direct spillage of toxic chemicals into the ocean. These are chemicals being transported by ships and somehow, by whatever reason, end up where it should not be. These chemicals destroy the environment much like how oil does, the only difference is some toxic chemicals are invisible. Seemingly harmless seafood products can be contaminated by these chemicals and be transmitted to our body if we consume them. One of these toxic chemicals is a marine antifouling paint ingredient called tributylin. Trubutylin is known to have some bad effects on gastropods and molluscs (Matthiessen and Law 2002). Perhaps the best way reduce chemical spills is to minimize our use of these toxic chemicals. They are toxic anyway ,so we might as well not use them. Use of alternative products in place of these chemicals might be possible, safer, and more environment friendly products. Anything that is harmful to the environment should be phased out or at least be used in moderation. The effects of these chemicals to the environment and our health are far too great for us to continue to use them. Other Pollutants – apart from oil and toxic chemicals, there are other toxins that add up to marine pollution. Some of these are sewage, plastic, and dredged materials. Most sewage still find their way to the ocean, sewage contain nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus is what some toxic algae thrives on. These toxic algae consume the oxygen of an affected area making it a dead zone. One incident happened just a few years ago and is mentioned in the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Fact sheet for marine pollution: A few years ago a massive slick of poisonous algae spread through the channels, which separate the coasts of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. The slime affected 200km of coastline, killed millions of fish and forced tourist beaches to close (WWF, n. d). Plastic is the most common trash found on the ocean. They are non-biodegradable materials, they take an eternity of years to be broken down by nature. While at their current un-broken state, plastics can be mistaken by marine creatures for food which is most of the time lethal to them. If animals aren’t killed by eating them mistakenly, they are caught by it, strangling them until they drown, or reduce their capacity to move, making them prone to attack from predators. Finally, dredged materials are things that are removed because of construction purposes. Dredged materials may contain harmful chemicals that are dumped into the ocean and cause sediments to form on coral reefs (WWF n. d) Conclusion These are just some of the reasons why we should stop polluting our oceans and our environment in general. Our oceans surround us, any ill effects that it experience would surely be felt by the inhabitants of the earth. The effects that are caused by marine pollution can be so devastating that it can alter our way of life as we know it. Food supplies, possible medicines, and the overall health of the planet is based on the health of the oceans. We must do everything we can in order to preserve it, for our own, and our children’s sake. Reference World Wildlife Foundation. (n. d). Fact Sheet no. 30: Marine Pollution. November 7, 2008. from: http://www. wwf. org. hk/eng/pdf/references/factsheets/factsheet30. PDF Sinha, P. C. (1998). Marine Polution. November 7, 2008. from: http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=XcWGR-w4-HkCpg=PA19lpg=PA19dq=Marine+Pollution+Argumentssource=blots=fnpHZgsWKIsig=WiDQH-ietk7MZPJviDXhjEC6tkchl=tlsa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=2ct=result#PPP1,M1 – National Research Council. 1985. Oil in the sea. National Academy Press, Washington D. C. November 7, 2008. from: http://seawifs. gsfc. nasa.gov/ocean_planet_scripts/footnote. pl? per1+1 Marine Bio. org (n. d). Ocean Dumping Grounds. November 7, 2008. From: http://marinebio. org/Oceans/OceanDumping. asp Dewailly E, Mulvad G, Pedersen HS, Ayotte P. , Demers A, Weber JP, et al. 1999. from Concentration of organochlorines in human brain, liver, and adipose tissue autopsy samples Greenland. Environment Health Perspective 107:823-828. Matthiessen P, Law RJ. 2002. Contaminants and their effects on estuarine and coastal organisms in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century. Environment Pollution 120:739-747.

Samuel Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of Worl

Abstract Samuel Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order defines eight major civilizations on the basis of religion. This division of global powers can be used to prove that the Western civilization will never completely dominate the global media. While Western thought tends to lead to a more representative form of government, and consequently a more libertarian or social responsibility-based media, the other belief systems of the global powers tend to lead to more authoritarian government and media formats. This difference creates constant conflict between the global powers, thus disabling any one civilization from subjugating the others. Issue Paper In The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel Huntington asserts the idea that the end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a realignment of global powers. Huntington believes these powers, or civilizations, can be distinguished by religion, and he divides the post-Cold War world into eight major civilizations: Sinic/Confucian; Japanese; Hindu; Islamic; Orthodox; Western; Latin American; and possibly African (45-47). This division of power among religion is the basis for the argument against complete Anglo-dominance of a "global media." The vast differences among the various civilizations' treatment of the media will prove too great for even the transnational corporations to overcome. To take Huntington's theory one step further, the religious differences among these civilizations will be at the heart of the inability of the Western (Anglo-dominated) world to exert total power over the rest of the world. Huntington is careful to separate each religion, excepting Japanese, Latin American and African, from any particul... ...ations of the Moscow Patriarchate, "The Russian Orthodox Church Today." 1996. Grice, Corey. "Russia, Latin America installing fiber-optic networks." CNET News.com. February 3, 2000. Hickerson, Delvin and Trevor Kirkland, The Geography of Confucianism. May 17, 1999. Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. Infobeat / AP. "Japan publishers pressured to tone down descriptions." November 11, 1999. Newsday / AP. "Japan Crown Prince attacks press." February 23, 2000. Sprunger, Meredith. The Urantia Book -- On-line Reference Edition. 2000. The New York Times / AP. "Algeria detains photographer." April 03, 2000. The Washington Post. "War reports limited on Russian TV." October 11, 1999. Yahoo / Reuters. "Afghanistan art gallery reopens, but portraits banned." February 22, 2000.

A1 Steak Sauce Essay

1) How would you characterize the A1 Steak Sauce business? In 1830, Henderson William Brand, chef to England’ King George developed a sauce that so delight the king he proclaimed it to be â€Å"A1†. The product was first sold in North America in the early 1900s. Kraft Foods acquired A1 in 2000 as part of its acquisition of Nabisco. Kraft Foods was the largest food company in the United States and second largest in the world. Kraft Foods most direct competitors were General Mills, Unilever, Pepsico and Nestle. In 2002, A1 had a 54% dollar share of the Steak Sauce Market Shares with an 83 percent gross profit margin. Distribution of A1 stretched across the United States with the product available in every grocery store. Kraft Foods spent 15 percent of its operating revenue on A1 advertising. Revenue on A1 Steak Sauce was about $150 million and operating profit was approximately $60 million. A1’s 2003 plan anticipated flat revenue and slight profit growth. 2) Why is Lawry’s launching a steak sauce product? Explain. In 2002, Lawry’s was owned by Unilever one of Kraft Foods leading competing food companies with brand sales in excess of $100 million and a strong position in seasoning and marinades. In early 2003, Unilever announced plans to launch a Lawry’s Steak Sauce with a ship date of April 1st and a price per bottle $1.00 less than A1. Unilever’s decision to launch a steak sauce product was based on disappointing financial results in recent years.  Unilever launched a new strategic plan program called â€Å"Path to Growth†. A key element of this program was rationalizing its brand portfolio focusing on the largest global brands. The company challenged all of its brands including Lawry to reach annual sales of at least one billion dollars. 3) Should A1 Steak Sauce defend itself against the Lawry’s launch? If not, why not? If yes, why and how? Discuss. Jennifer Miller, Smith’s research manager statement of â€Å"you know A1 has the strongest brand equity in the category, it’s virtually untouchable.† I don’t agree and feel her comment is unrealistic, nothing is untouchable. I would recommend that A1 defend against Lawry’s Steak Sauce launch scheduled for April 1st, otherwise A1 could find they are losing market shares and trying to play catch up. In my opinion A1 has a choice to compete head-to-head with Lawry’s 2 for $5.00 deal launching on April 1st or sit back and hope that consumer don’t switch to the Lawry’s Steak Sauce. Either way A1 will have to spend money to remain dominant and competitive in the steak sauce market. 4) What are the competitive and financial implications of defending or not depending against the Lawry’s launch?  Lawry is scheduled to launch their new steak sauce of April 1st at $1.00 less than the A1 sauce and Publix is ready to give Lawry the Memorial Day week promotion which is normally 10 percent of A1 Annual Sales. If Lawry, does gain 10 percent of the steak sauce  market and customers like the taste, willing to pay the reduced price regardless of taste or can’t really tell the difference in taste from A1, customers might continue to buy the Lawry’s Steak Sauce for the $1.00 cheaper bottle. Lawry’s Steak Sauce launch could allow them to gain and increase in Lawry’s share in the steak sauce market. 5) What did you learn from your analysis of this case? Explain. A1 Steak Sauce was invented in 1830 and first sold in North America in the early 1900s. In 2003, over 100 years later, A1 Steak Sauce finally had potential competition with the launch of Lawry’s Steak Sauce. I feel that Kraft Foods should have planned for such a contingency that to me was inevitable. If they had planned, the company could have properly budgeted, maybe with a contingency type fund within the marketing department. For example, today where are reel-to-reel tapes, 8 track tapes and cassette tapes, all have become outdated with improvements in technology. To further illustrate in the food industry, try to find â€Å"Pitter Patter† peanut butter cookies made by Keebler which were out marketed by Nabisco’s â€Å"Nutter Butter† peanut butter cookies. Nothing is untouchable or lasts forever!

Which the Language Used Shows the Closeness

Discuss the ways in which the language used shows the closeness of the relationships between participants. In this essay, I am going to explore how the language used shows the closeness of the relationships between the participants, and how their friendship is shown. In the friendship context, speech is more relaxed and casual and there is more use of dialect and colloquialisms than if it were a formal situation.There is also the use of words and phrases which could only be understood in this context, like idiolect and words that a particular age group use. In a formal situation there wouldn’t be as much interruption or slang words, as it wouldn’t be appropriate. In the transcript, there is a lot of interruption which shows they know each other quite well and wouldn’t get offended by it. This is shown when speaker A says â€Å"on //Saturday//† and speaker B overlaps by saying â€Å"//The Aviator//†, which shows they are both on the same wavelength a nd speaking quite quickly.Also the fact that they continue talking when another speaker interrupts like when speaker A continues after speaker C interrupts her shows they are both comfortable with each other and aren’t worried about being innapropriate as they are good friends. Additionally, the way they share their personal thoughts and crushes shows they are comfortable with each other and know each other well enough that it is appropriate. By saying that â€Å"he’s a real hottie† and â€Å"I wouldn’t turn down Clive Owen either†, they are showing how they aren’t afraid to say this to each other as they both share mutual feelings, which portrays that they are friends.Also the use of idiolect is present in the transcript when speaker A says â€Å"dead interesting†, with the word dead meaning really instead of having died. This is the way the individual talks so they would use this with friends, rather than in a more formal situation where Standard English would be expected to be used. When speaker A does an impression when saying â€Å"shu shu†, it shows she isn’t afraid of embarrassing herself as her friends would find it funny rather than weird. This shows they are friends because nobody would do this except with people they know and have fun with.

Brooks Bridge Essays

Brooks Bridge Essays Brooks Bridge Essay Brooks Bridge Essay The moment I picked up my phone I knew something was wrong. The tone of my friend Dandys voice sounded very grave and worn. The reason why followed in lowly uttered words. CA is in the hospital. In sort of a daze I rushed to the hospital and found a way into the Intensive Care Unit. There in the bed was my friend with two broken arms and internal damage to his kidneys. At his side sat his mom. When I asked what happened, she said that CA was hit off of Brooks Bridge by a drunk driver. A thirty-foot fall into the ground below, landing in the grass. CA was two-inches away room the stone hard concrete that couldve ended his life. It takes something very immense to show who your real friends are. It could range from a moment of drama where a friend stays by your side, to sitting bed side by your friend in critical conditions. I learned how to be the person who shows their true side in these situations. By doing so, I have been brought closer to many people who will now return the favor when my time of need comes. Always remember to ask the question, Who will be there for me? when you pick friends to bring into your circle. Spend every moment you can with the ones you love before its too late. You dont want to live life with regrets, asking what if when you reflect on the past. I shouldve confronted CA sooner about why I was mad at him, but I didnt and let it come between us. Never miss an opportunity to say whats on your mind with your friends because there may not be a tomorrow. If youre able to look back on your friendship and smile knowing you made the best of the time you had, then you did the right thing. Its the moments you create that will be remembered, not the moments you Hough of making. Petty arguments and annoyances should never hinder your friendships. Its the imperfections you must look past to bring friends closer. No one is perfect. If you accept your friends for who they are then they will also do the same with you. Before the incident happened, I wasnt talking to CA much because he was being extremely lazy at work and making me do more work then I shouldve, but when the accident happened, none of it seemed to matter anymore. Dont turn small things into big deals. No argument will ever be worth it when something distressing actually does append. Dont repeat the mistakes I have made. I was lucky to still have my friend at all. Other people have not been as fortunate when situations like mine occur. My lesson to teach others are the positive outcomes of such a tragic situation that seemed like no good would come out of. You must live everyday like it is your last and make the best out of everything life throws at you. Many of lifes gifts come from experiences with others. Nothing last forever so take advantage of the opportunities put in front of you before they disappear into the past.

A Set of Laws Should Be Created to Impede Cyberbullying

A Set of Laws Should Be Created to Impede Cyberbullying Introduction Cyber bullying is a term use to refer to the incidence of the use words, pictures or other forms of communication on the Internet that are meant to harm or hurt another individual. The term mainly applies to such acts committed by children against other children (Hunter, 2012). Where the case involves adults, the term used will no longer be regarded as cyber bullying. It will instead be referred to as cyber harassment or cyber-stalking. Currently, there is no strict law in America barring the practice despite the fact that it has disastrous effects on the victims. Cyber-bullied children end up committing murder or suicide in extreme circumstances. Other effects of the crime that are a bit mild and less harmful include the fact that these children will end up being withdrawn and consequently might drop out of school. There are opposing views as to whether the authorities should institute stiffer penalties on the offenders of this crime. Schools are seen to be the most efficient institutions in taming this vise but the law does not allow them to punish student misconduct that is committed out of the campus premises. So the question is, should there be laws in place to prevail on cyber bullying? The current laws that are in place meant to tame cyber-bullying are insufficient. There are no particular laws made that empower the school administrations to act in response to cyber bullying committed outside school. Children have thus been left to the mercy of nature at the hands of rogue cyber bullies. The magnitude and extent of cyber bullying keeps growing with time and it is feared that in the next decade, significant damage will have been done on the children if appropriate laws are not put in place to tame the vice. Student freedom of speech vs. school intervention The law currently provides for and protects the freedom of speech and expression by students. It is entrenched in the main law of the land. This right however has to be used responsibly (Lipschultz, 2013). The question of how much is responsible is, however, an ambiguous one. It is not known how far freedom of expression should be allowed, especially with regard to child communications over the social media. In contrast, schools have their own set of rules that should be adhered to by students regarding their communication with each other. These rules vary from one school to another but share a common basis that communication ought to be respectful and full of regard for each other. That which cannot meet the minimum requirements for respect of the other students is thus deemed inappropriate and punishable. While in school, cases of bullying of whatever kind is not there. The kind of respect that is ideal between students is upheld and dominant. It facilitates a good learning environment for all the students and gives them a sense of pride regardless of the social status of their backgrounds (Malik, 2010). The problem, however, is that school authorities are not allowed to continue their control of the children once they go out of school. This has been witnessed by the several lawsuits that parents and child rights movements have filed against school authorities for attempted intervention on the children’s’ life out of school. It is notable that in each instance, the cases are hinged on claims for freedom of speech. What these lobby groups and parents done appreciate is the fact that children are safer if kept under regulation on what to do and what not to do over the Internet. They focus too much on the short-term welfare of the children regarding freedom of speech and ex pression. The avenues exploited for cyber bullies Technology has provided several untamed avenues that have become easy for cyber bullies to advance their evil agenda. These cover the areas of telephone conversations, and social media, which currently is the most abused form of communication leading in the cyber-bullying claims. Other forms include the use of anonymous Internet sites that the teens use to threaten and intimidate each other (Trolley, 2010). It is for a fact that there have been several cases where kids have had to commit murder or suicide after being subjected to extreme torment because of the above-mentioned crimes. The bad thing with cyberspace that makes it the worst avenue of bullying even more than the other forms of bullying is the fact that there is some sense of anonymity and little accountability on the part of the perpetrators that make them act that way. There is a sense of zero accountability since the comments; posts and photos posted on these sites do not first go through screening by any authority. Thi s relative freedom has encouraged the criminals to do as they wish with regard to posting the bad content on the web. The level of hazards in the next decade In the next decade, America is likely to face serious cases of cyber bullying in the future. With the rapid and fast pace of technological growth and new forms of communication coming up, it is only commonsense to understand that the frequency of abuse will grow beyond the present status (Kelsey, 2014). It is also notable that several features of the growing communication platforms will make it easy for cyber-bullying to happen in the future. These avenues touch on the areas of the ease of sending and receiving items online that has become the norm in the present state of technology. Communication is made easier by the fact that new inventions especially in the mobile telephony has come with better versions of technology that now allows people to send and receive images and videos easily. An example of the latest invention that allows people to don this is the WhatsApp technology, which enables people to share and post both photos and videos as well as send text communications. Since its invention and adoption, millions of cases where children have abused it and bullied their colleagues have been reported. It is also noted that the prevalence of such cases keeps rising with time. It is, therefore, common knowledge that in the next decade, things are going to get worse if proper laws are not put in place to tame the situation. Arguments for imposition of laws to tame cyber-bullying One reason why there should be strict laws regulating the use or abuse of the Internet communications platform is that the effects of the vise on the victims are too damning. They are not comparable to the infringement of the freedom of speech and expression that such laws will bring. For the sake of the safety of the children on the web, laws should be formulated to tame any errant behavior from anyone of them. It is a collective bargain for the government, parents, and school administrations to have a discussion and agree to limit the rights of the children on the net. The second reason why cyber-bullying should be tamed is that there are many cases of school dropouts or poor performance on the affected children. The level of intimidation and mental torture that the kids receive from the actions of the bullies is not healthy for the future society that will result from the generation (McQuade, Samuel Colt, 2012). A generation of bitter, resentful, and disobedient youths will eventually destroy the moral fabric of the society in the end. Psychologists attribute crime tendencies among the youth to the unbalanced emotions and resentful mindsets arising from cyber bullying. The third reason why legislators and other government policy makers need to draw their attention to illegally reducing the rights of children on the web is the fact that schools lack the capacity to administer discipline out of school. Government needs to empower the schools to monitor the students’ engagements online and solve any disciplinary issues that may arise therein. Schools are better placed since they have the students’ records and that students spend much of their time in the learning institutions than at home. Arguments against the imposition of regulatory laws Children need to grow up in a free society for them to realize their identity. They need an open space where they can communicate and share with their fellow children. It is also important that children be given the chance to interact with other children all over the world in order for them to develop a better appreciation of the world societies, cultures and tap the flow of ideas as a result. The psychology of a child is such that at tender age, a person is very responsive and receptive to any ideas they encounter through hearing, sight, or experience. This justifies the reason as to why children should be allowed to communicate on the online platform under unlimited conditions. Finally, the presence of a regulator over the children’s interaction on the online platform will make them be too self-conscious and a result fear to air out what could be eating them up in their hearts. The occurrence of the latter unfortunate situation will lead the children to express their problem s through other means such as; drug abuse, irresponsible sexual behavior among self-harming expressions, whose effects are worse off. Conclusion Internet communication can be good for children, only if it is practiced through proper means. Abuse of Internet communication is what has given rise to the occurrence of cyber-bullying. It has made the rogue children to grossly bully others and take advantage of their innocence. The government, In contrast, as well as the administrators of these online sites has not put enough measures to secure the safety of the children participants while on the web. This has contributed to the present sorry state of cyber-bullying. In view of this, there is a need for government and other stakeholders to act responsibly and secure the children’s communication online. They need to empower school administrations to prevail on errant students who abuse cyber communication. Parents also need to act responsibly and support the schools in disciplining errant students. However, a more long lasting and sustainable solution to the crisis will be to introduce cyber bullying into the school curriculum and have the children taught the dangers of it as well as how to stay safe from it. The benefits drawn from legal intervention in taming the cyber communication among children far outweigh the benefits that freedom of expression would have brought, thus justifying the action to impose laws.

Commercial Transactions (Contracts) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial Transactions (Contracts) - Essay Example Secondly there was no agreement in this case. PepsiCo only gave a humorous advert. John did not get into the advert to proof whether it was true or not. Further, according to this theory, the third party (Jury.) will only determine where the contract arises. In John's case the contract does not arise, as all valid essentials to constitute a contract were not taken into consideration. The court held that there was no valid contract simply because this case was a mere advert which did not consist the requisites of a valid contract like offer and acceptance. There is also no agreement as well as an object to contract for. Advertisements are generally not considered as advertisements. This is because for an offer it must made to a specific person and not public. Therefore advertisements, which are made to the public, in general cannot be an offer. In a reward situation, the offer is made to only one person who performs that task. The task to be performed in reward situation is to be done by one person. For instance if 'A' offers a reward to anyone who will recover his lost property, no one is bound to recover the lost property but 'A' is bound to give the promised reward to any one who mighty recover the property. Thus in Leonard's case, the company was not bound to reward anybody on completion or on fulfilling their requirement.

Clinical Supervision for Nurses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Clinical Supervision for Nurses - Essay Example According to Johns (2003), Clinical supervision serves to enhance professional functioning of the junior members under the supervision; the supervisors monitor the quality of services given to patients. Supervision also creates an environment that promotes creativity in supervisees; this supports them so that they have the ability to face patients confidently. As Benfer  (1979) asserts, during clinical supervision, as a clinical supervisor, I will assess the work of the nurse and give her guidelines on how to best deals with patients. Bernard and Good year claim that clinical supervision is similar to training in that it involves a formal process of learning and professional support, which enables the supervisees to develop competence and knowledge in their profession. Because of clinical supervision, nurses identify room for improving their nursing practice (Bernard &  Goodyear 1998). Falender& Shafranske (2004) argue that a variety of approaches and models can be applied in cli nical supervision; in order to assist nurses faced with difficulties. McDaniel, Weber, & McKeever (1983) assert that clinical supervisors often apply various models when training nurses and other supervisees. The most common models of clinical supervision include the developmental model, key issue model, functions model, and process model. As a Clinical supervisor, I would use these models to serve the nurse facing challenges, in her profession. Based on this, the various models of supervision can be used when the training needs of the supervisees vary from one supervisee to another. In training the nurse, who has difficulties in dealing with patients, I would use the developmental model (Benfer 1979). The developmental model proposes that the trainees pass through several stages, which both the supervisors and the supervisees have to take into account. Using this model, I would train the supervisee to cope with the challenges, resulting from complexity of duties (Johns 2003). There fore, as a clinical supervisor, I would apply this model to train the nurse, who has had a promotion to grade E. A nurse who has been promoted to a higher level needs to develop the necessary skills required to perform better in the new position. Promotions come with additional responsibilities in one’s profession.  

The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Essay

The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 - Essay Example Indeed there was a specific message conveyed in the document and this was meant to be conveyed to a specified audience. The generalized essence of the message was to create a ratification of an existing document of fact. In the present day, it could be said that the message was a rejoinder to an existing publication as it sought to set the record straight with an existing line of reasoning or belief (Greenhouse, 2005). The existing publication was on the sale and alienation of a suspected earldom to an identified Archibald. The existing line of belief was that Thomas Fleming had sold the earldom to Sir Archibald Douglas and the present writer felt that there was something about this that needed to be corrected. The most immediate audience of the document could, therefore, be identified to be all people who had had knowledge of the previous document, referred to in this instance as a charter and all people who would have access to the ratified document that had been created. The write r actually made the course of an audience of the document very clear as he stated that â€Å"To all who [see or read] this charter, etc.,† (Brown et al, 2007). The document carries specified information to authenticate the sale of earldom from Thomas Fleming to Sir Archibald de Douglas. Essentially, the writer seeks to clear all forms of doubt that may exist with people that the said sale had not been completed or was fraudulent. The writer there makes it clear that evidence of the transfer of power to Sir Archibald de Douglas still exists and that this is a clear indication that all forms of doubt could be cleared. In regards to the authenticity of the existing evidence, therefore, the writer states that â€Å"...and sealed by the seal of the said Thomas Fleming, neither canceled, damaged, erased nor destroyed and not distrusted in any of its parts† (Brown et al, 2007).

Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic

Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic A cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the traditional dermatology clinic in terms of the requirement of a wide range of equipment to perform various aesthetic procedures. In the past, the only instrument associated with dermatology practice was a magnifying glass. It then progressed to equipment’s such as Woods lamp, electrocautery, radiofrequency, cryotherapy and phototherapy units. Beyond these tools, the cosmetic dermatologists’ armamentarium includes various basic and specialized equipment’s to carry out a multitude of dermatological treatments and cosmetology procedures. (Box 1) In addition to the treatment equipment, photo documentation devices are also essential. These devices record the results and changes for analysis and prognosis of the treatments and can actually document the percentile UV damage, wrinkle score etc. The cosmetic clients (internet savvy) are aware of the equipment usage in various procedures and check for clinics offering faciliti es with the latest equipment and low downtime. The cosmetic dermatologist not only needs to be updated about the latest equipment’s but should also be aware of its management and maintenance needs. Poor maintenance leads to financial losses for the physician and compromises on efficacy and safety issues for the patient. This chapter gives a brief outline of equipment management and maintenance aspects which would enable the physician to provide safe, effective treatments and sustain the financial aspects of his/ her practice optimally. Box 1: Basic and Specialized equipment in a cosmetic clinic Basic Equipment Microdermabrader Radiofrequency and cautery Cryotherapy Mesotherapy Jet Peel or hydrafacial Microcurrent Electroporation Dermatoscope and photography equipment ( detailed in chapter 5) Phototherapy Units Specialised Equipment- LASERS and Light Systems Intense Pulse Light LASER Hair Reduction- Long Pulse Alexandrite, Long Pulsed ND YAG, Diode Pigmentation- Q Switched ND YAG Fractional and Ablative LASERS Hair Restoration- Low Level Lasers and lights Skin Tightening- LASERS and Radiofrequency, Micro needling Radiofrequency Vitiligo and Psoriasis- Excimer lamp and LASER Body contouring- Radiofrequency, cryolipolysis, ultrasound cavitation, low level laser therapy,etc. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT The basic requirement from any machine/ equipment is its longevity and optimal usage. This can be achieved by effective equipment management procedures [1] (Box 2) Box 2: Effective equipment management procedures Equipment Purchase Installation requirements (storage and space electrical supply, air-conditioner) Standard Operating Protocols Training of the staff Quality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables, regular inspections) Maintenance and servicing (Daily, Preventive, Annual ) Equipment/ Accessories modification Equipment Purchase: The following checklist should be kept in mind during purchase of the equipment. This helps to trouble shoot maintenance issues effectively. Always buy from a certified company or a certified official dealer Check with the dealer for skilled technicians for installation and troubleshooting Sign the maintenance contract with the company (No machine is zero maintenance) Establish the warranty period (details and time lines) Note of the date of manufacture and the numerical code unique to each equipment. Installation Requirements Space and storage Requirements of the equipment and accessories should be taken into account prior to installation. Electrical connections and stabilizers: This has been detailed in Chapter 60. Special sockets and high voltage breakers, stabilizers and UPS (uninterrupted power supply) should be provided. Air conditioner: Most of the LASER machines generate heat and require certain temperatures to be maintained while in operation. An air conditioned environment is preferred as it remains closed, relatively dust free and is useful for machine longevity. Smoke evacuators Fragments of skin, hair and aerosols can damage LASER lenses or light based equipment due to physical interference with transmission. Smoke evacuation systems may be used to reduce the plume debris and limit the harmful effects on the staff, patients/clients and the laser equipment. Standard Operating protocols (SOPs) SOPs regarding usage of the machine are provided by the manufacturer. Indications and Specifications are provided in the operator manual and should be adhered to. Based on the patient requirement, if modifications are made in the SOPs, these should be documented and informed to all the staff. Training of staff (machine operators or staff responsible for maintenance) All the staff members in the cosmetic dermatology set up should be trained to follow the SOPs, understand the need and importance of equipment maintenance for the smooth functioning of the clinic. Quality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables) In addition to the daily cleaning; regular weekly or fortnightly check of each machine, safety devices and consumables should be done. This helps to prevent emergency maintenance issues and financial losses. Maintenance and servicing (Daily, Preventive, Annual) A record should be maintained of all planned and unplanned maintenance and services, including any problems or modifications. The service contract records, contact details of service personnel should be documented well. Equipment/ Accessory modification Any modification to the equipment or accessories; or change in its operational usage may have safety implications associated with it. Hence, whenever any modification is done, appropriate documentation is mandatory. Standard accessories should be used. STANDARDISED AND EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT A standardised form, including all the aspects detailed above for equipment management should be kept with individual machines. A soft/ hard copy of this format for all machines should be catalogued and serve as a ready reckoner to the concerned staff. A basic outline of the form has been provided in Box 3. The salient aspects for effective equipment management have been included in Box 4. Box 3: Standard form for individual machines Name of the machine Indications Standard specifications (usually provided by manufacturer) Storage specifications: Equipment/ Accessories Space: Table mounted/ Floor mounted Electricity: Earthing/ UPS requirement AC requirement Consumables Safety devices- Goggles, cooling devices, smoke evacuators Cleaning Techniques Maintenance- Daily, Preventive, Annual or comprehensive maintenance services ( AMC/ CMC) Special tips do’s and don’t’s Installation date Operator Training: Names/ Dates Contact details for Maintenance services: Phone/ Mail id/ Website address/ Personnel Warranty details: Equipment/ Accessories, along with datelines Services Contract: AMC/ CMC, Renewal along with Dates Service done: Dates/ Done by whom/ Supervisory staff Box 4: General Tips for effective equipment management Keep a standardised form with individual machines. Train the staff to handle the equipment carefully Understand the Operators manual Take care of all the parts of machine. Hand pieces are the most important part. Place them in a protective box or on the machine as instructed Keep a check list of the consumables Keep all the machines covered and in a dust free environment Contact technical personnel for preventive machine maintenance at regular intervals Check for contraindication in case of all clients BASIC EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE The general principles of basic equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 1. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements. Table 1: Basic Equipment Management Equipment Crystal Diamond- USG, Cleanser, head Salt – cartridges Microcurrent Diamond Pro Lift Radiofrequency /Cautery Mesomate/Dr Injector Injector MesoGun-Manual-Automatic Jet M Machine Indications Exfoliation gently removes the outermost dead skin cell layer for the epidermis. Reduces pigmentation and tanning Improves Acne scars Reduces fine lines and wrinkles Reduces pore size and age spots Facial lift Muscle lift Body Contouring Iontophoresis-Product penetration Disencrustation- Deep cleansing Dermatoses papulosa nigra (DPNs) Warts Skin tags Moles Seborrheic Keratosis Granuloma pyogenicum Xanthelesma Rhinophyma Dull skin Irregular texture Uneven skin tone Hair loss Cellulite Lymphatic drainage Exfoliation Infusion Standard operating protocols Available Available Available Available Available Storage Temperature:20 -600 C Humidity Space Table mounted Table mounted Table mounted Table mounted Dr. .Injector has its own Trolley Table mounted or specially designed trolley Electric/ UPS/ AC Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Consumables Hand piece depending on the type of machine Nozzles of two different sizes small for face and neck and big for the body parts Aluminium oxide crystals Two long metal probes, one small probe with sponge for earthing , two sets of coloured wires, one metal roller, sticky pads and big pads. Hand piece Wire loop electrode and pointed electrode Disposable as well as reusable tips are available Kinked wires may need replacement Safety devices Foot pedal Air tubing Triple nozzle handpiece Safety goggles (during peel infusion ) Vitamins Cleaning The jar has to be cleared of all the crystals after every service and cleaned. Hand piece needs to be cleansed with alcohol swab before use. Tissue residue should be removed from the active electrode (Rf power ON) with a sterile moist gauze (water only) No scalpel scissors or any sharp objects should be used as it may lead to tissue adherence Disinfection All commercially available disinfectants may be used to disinfect the electrodes. Electrodes should be immersed in fresh cidex solution .then they must be washed and under tap water , dried and Placed in the supplied box Sterilisation All non- disposable hand pieces, cables, plugs and electrodes are autoclavable to 2500 F or 1210C. Steam cleaning of electrodes must be done just before use. Sterilize the guard with alcohol swab prior to the service Regular cleaning of hand piece Maintenance Jar needs to be replaced every fortnight for smooth functioning of the machine Spare hand pieces should always be available Replace filter and nozzle after every 15 bottles Daily Maintenance: Clean hand piece with alcohol swabs or SPCL cleaning Solution. Straighten the tubes. AMC Preventive maintenance should be done at an interval of 1-2 months Preventive machine maintenance at an interval of 1-2 months. The electrodes should be dipped in dilute H2O2 solution so that debris gets cleared, before washing AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. Daily Maintenance Clean the gun exterior with spirit. Do not allow spirit to enter the interiors. Charge the Gun daily AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. Special Tips: Do’s and Don’ts Do’s- follow the instructions mentioned in the user manual Don’ts – do not place anything on the machine Don’ts- Coloured wires should always be tied up and placed on the machine when not in use Do’s- The only way the radiosurgery can create tissue damage is if the heat is allowed to accumulate in the tissue to the point where it can lead to excessive dehydration and hence tissue destruction. Preventing accumulation of such heat is the basic objective of radiosurgery technique and hence one should practice 10 seconds ON and 30 seconds OFF. Don’ts – Do not Use any inflammable anesthetics or cleaning agents. Use the injector and needle that meets the international and domestic standards. SPECIALISED EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Specialised equipment’s such as Lasers, lights, radiofrequency based machines are now an integral part of cosmetic clinics. Most of these equipment are expensive and have specific maintenance issues. In addition, the optical radiation emitted by lasers, IPLs and LEDs has potentially hazardous effects on patients, clients and equipment users. There can be direct damage to eyes or skin. A potential risk of fires or explosions from lasers igniting gases or fabrics and the problem of smoke inhalation exist. Engineering (in- built safety measures provided within the laser machine), procedural (policies and practices followed at the cosmetic clinic) and administrative (review by health department) control measures are needed to prevent exposure to potential laser hazards. [2] Effective equipment management procedures as outlined in Box 2 should be followed for each of the specialised equipment in the clinic. The most important aspect of maintenance is simple prevention. This can be achieved through the following measures: Routine inspection, of the laser system and the surroundings (Daily/ weekly checks) Periodic inspection and maintenance of optical components and critical subassemblies (Preventive and annual maintenance checks) Documentation and Record keeping Few examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipment are outlined in Box 5 [1] Box 5: Examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipment Examples for daily checks: Check whether the laser output terminates on release of foot/ hand switch Check the device’s alignment of the aiming beam with the therapeutic beam Check device’s filters/ tips for scratches or dirt. Check all system alarms and lights are operating appropriately Assess all device accessories including cables and connectors are clean and functioning. Examples for weekly checks: Inspect protective eye wear for lens scratches or general damage Check all protective blinds, windows and doors, are dust free and functioning appropriately Check that electrical system connections/ UPS, warning lights are functioning correctly Examples of annual/ preventive checks: Electrical safety Device calibration checks Output measurements Beam alignment Shutter operation Accuracy of timer Filters The general tips for effective and safe laser equipment management are outlined in Box 6. The general principles of specialised equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 2. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements. Box 6: General tips for effective and safe laser equipment management Laser Room (details in chapter 60) Restrict entry to the room when the system is in use; put laser warning sign Do not include any light reflecting objects such as mirror, Provide rubber mat flooring ( prevents damage and losses in case of accidental fall of hand pieces, goggles, etc) Services/ Maintenance checklist Maintain a logbook of regular maintenance check and calibration Maintain detailed information about service centre/ personnel Check for engineers training certificate. Calibration must be checked by authorized personnel with calibrated power meter. Always check for calibration certificate when under AMC/ Maintenance Deionized (DI) water is needed for cooling in some machines. Check levels 1-3 monthly and change Check fire safety measures Check for Electromagnetic immunity and declaration compliance. Check for recommended separation distances between portable and mobile RF communications equipment and laser Equipment Use Check the power supply/ UPS before the machine is switched on. If the machines need to be moved to a different room, do it carefully and avoid jerky movements Always place the tips or hand pieces in the designated box so as to avoid any accidental fall or damage to the same Optical lenses, fibre optic cord, some hand pieces contain lasing medium are expensive, hence handle all equipment parts with care Never leave the system in ready mode unattended Practice use of hand switch as much as possible Most laser screens have a touch screen. Be sure not to point on the screen while firing the laser shot ( Can inadvertently happen with the foot pedal) In event of any emergency use the emergency shut –off knob Use colourless gels for lasers Use Skin markers and colours for demarcating areas. Skin markers should be preferably white or appropriate colour depending on the laser absorption spectrum or else they can act as chromophores and cause burns Cleanse and dry the area to be lased thoroughly Inspect the laser tip always before treating the patient. Do not use if damaged. Make sure the correct eye wear is used (Different protective eyewear is indicated for different wavelengths) Do not treat eyebrows eyelashes or other areas surrounding the eye orbit with Nd: YAG or Er: YAG lasers. The light emitted by these can cause serious eye damage or blindness. Use corneal shields especially in cases of direct touch lasers being used in the orbital area. Gas based and pulse dye lasers (Example- Excimer, Pulse dye lasers) Switch ON everyday Cleaning of hand piece with alcohol swabs. Gas bottles used as consumables are very expensive Mirrors needs to be cleaned by engineers every 3 months. Calibration of voltages is very important. Dye needs to be replaced after 50000 shots Body shaping and contouring machines: All hand pieces need to be cleaned daily Better to use specific oils or gels, otherwise ultra-sonography gel can be used; may be glycerine based. The emitted sounds should be perfect Phototherapy units Check lamp power every month and calibrate if needed Clean fans every quarterly Table 2: General principles of specialised equipment maintenance ( separate doc- horizontal chart) CONCLUSION Equipment management and maintenance is an integral part of the cosmetic practice set- up. Specialised equipment such as lasers and radiofrequency based devices are expensive and have specific maintenance issues. In addition to the financial implications for the practice, the safety and efficacy of the treatments provided by the physician are chiefly dependent on well managed equipment. SUMMARY A cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the traditional dermatology clinic in terms of the requirement of a wide range of equipment to perform various aesthetic procedures. It is a good practice to employ equipment management and maintenance measures. The effective equipment management procedures include checklists and processes for purchase, installation, developing standard operating protocols, staff training, quality control checks, maintenance and servicing (daily, preventive, annual ) and modifications in equipment/ accessories. Good equipment management and maintenance practices have healthy financial implications for the practice. It assures optimal usage and longevity of the machine life, along with safe and effective treatments for the patients/ clients.